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Chapter 14

Geospatial Data Sources & Open Data

Free and open geospatial data from governments, international organizations, and communities makes professional-grade analysis accessible to everyone.

USGS Earth ExplorerCopernicus HubGEEOpenStreetMapNatural Earth
700K+Copernicus Users↗ Registered users
10M+OSM Contributors↗ Global community

Theory & Foundations

The open data revolution has democratized geospatial analysis — petabytes of satellite imagery, global basemaps, and thematic datasets are freely available.

Satellite data portals: USGS Earth Explorer (Landsat, SRTM), Copernicus Open Access Hub (Sentinel), NASA Earthdata (MODIS, ICESat, GRACE), and Google Earth Engine (aggregated catalog).

Vector basemaps: OpenStreetMap (crowdsourced global features), Natural Earth (curated world boundaries), GADM (administrative boundaries for all countries).

Thematic data: WorldPop (population grids), CHIRPS (rainfall), ERA5 (climate reanalysis), Hansen GFC (forest change), JRC Global Surface Water.

National data: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (census), Survey of Bangladesh (topographic), SPARRSO (satellite), LGED (infrastructure).

In-Depth Coverage

Satellite Data Portals

Major archives providing free satellite imagery.

  • USGS Earth Explorer: Landsat, SRTM, aerial photos
  • Copernicus Open Access: Sentinel-1, 2, 3, 5P
  • NASA Earthdata: MODIS, VIIRS, GRACE, SMAP
  • GEE: Aggregated catalog of 70+ PB

Global Vector Datasets

Free basemap and boundary data.

  • OpenStreetMap: Roads, buildings, POIs worldwide
  • Natural Earth: Cultural and physical vectors at 3 scales
  • GADM: Administrative boundaries for all countries
  • GeoNames: Placenames database with coordinates

Key Techniques

Data discoveryPortal navigationLicense complianceData citationQuality assessment

Data Visualization

Daily Data Volume by Provider (TB)
Copernicus12
USGS8
NASA6
OSM3
Others5
Open Data Ecosystem
  1. 🛰️SatelliteLandsat, Sentinel, MODIS — free imagery
  2. 🗺️VectorOSM, Natural Earth, GADM — basemaps
  3. 📊ThematicWorldPop, CHIRPS, Hansen — specialized

Practical Workflow

  1. Define data requirements
  2. Search appropriate data portals
  3. Check data license and citation requirements
  4. Download in preferred format
  5. Inspect metadata and quality
  6. Reproject and clip to study area
  7. Validate against independent sources
  8. Document provenance in project

Software & Tools

Copernicus HubFreeWeb Portal — Download Sentinel data

Video Tutorials

Real-World Application

The Copernicus Open Data Policy provides free access to 12TB of new Sentinel data daily, serving 700,000+ registered users worldwide.

Real-World Projects

HOT Disaster Response📍 Global

250K+ volunteers map crisis areas.

Impact: Free basemaps enable humanitarian response.

Case Study

Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team (HOT) coordinates 250,000+ volunteers to map crisis-affected areas, providing free basemap data for disaster response.

Problem-Based Learning

P1 Find all free datasets needed for flood risk mapping in Bangladesh

Comprehensive flood risk assessment requires DEM, land cover, population, river network, and rainfall data.

Solution: DEM: SRTM 30m (USGS). Land cover: ESA WorldCover 10m. Population: WorldPop 100m. Rivers: HydroSHEDS/OSM. Rainfall: CHIRPS daily. Sentinel-1 SAR for flood history.

USGS Earth ExplorerGEEWorldPopHydroSHEDS
✅ Complete dataset assembled at zero cost. Analysis identified 12 high-risk zones protecting 3.5M people.

Knowledge Check

1. Largest free satellite data program?

Further Reading